Kerala from Sangam to Dutch Period Essay Example

Kerala from Sangam to Dutch Period Essay Introduction. ?Kerala has a unique Geographical position. ?Kerala has a rich culture and is the meeting point of many types of ideologies, Ideas and religious views. ?Travelers, merchants and rulers visited kerala and influenced its History. ?Story Behind the birth Of Kerala. ?Parasurama the 6th Incarnation of Lord Vishnuthrew an axe far into the sea and commanded the sea to retreat. ?The land that emerged from the waters became Kerala. ?From where does the term kerala come from ? ?Sanskrit scholars derive the name from â€Å"Kera or coconut†,which is a staple product of kerala. Others say it is derived from the Tamil word â€Å"Charal† meaning Mountain slope. ?Arab and Persian writers and early Malayalam and medieval Tamil Literature say that the word kerala means the land of hills and mountains. Traditional sources. ?Early history of kerala is based on traditions. The two major sources are : ? Archaeological Sources. ?Archaeological survey and excavations were started in Kerala by Ward and Conor in 1819. ? there are 3 relics of the Historical period found in the various parts of Kerala. They are : 1. monuments 2. coins 3. inscription. ?Monuments. 1. Stone images of Buddha, reflect the culture of kerala during the Buddhist era. 2. Religious monuments : Temples , Churches, Mosques and Synagogues. 3. Palaces – famous Padmanabhapuram palace in Kanyakumari district and Dutch palace in Fort Cochin. 4. Forts and historical sites. ?Coins. ? Many foreign and indigenous coins have been found in kerala. †¢ Rast is the oldest of them. †¢Roman coins are the oldest Foreign coins. †¢Rulers of Travancore and Cochin Had their own independent coinage. †¢Dutch copper coins and British Indian Coins give valuable information to historians. ?Inscriptions . Throw light on the political,Cultural, and social life of the People of Kerala. 2. Give insight into working conditions of local assemblies, how temples were managed, Relationship between the landlord and tenant and functioning Of educational institutions. 3. Some inscriptions testify the liberal policy of religious tolerationfollowed by the ancient rulers of Kerala. ?San gam Age(1-500 A. D. ) ? Sangam Literature was composed, In which the Works of poets and writers threw light upon cultural, economic, political, Social and other aspects of the kingdoms of the South. Through these works we get to know what happened during the first 500 years of Christian Era : I. there was monarchy and patrilineal system of succession, II. Women were well educated and had a good position in society, III. Monogamy was the norm, widow remarriage was permitted, Child marriage was not there. ?No division of society into high and low castes,there was no untouchability, ? Rice was the staple food, people had no restrictions regarding beef eating and other non-veg items. Rice-wine was a popular drink. ?It was rare to find Brahmins though some were there as Aryan Brahmins in the royal court. Agriculture was a major occupation and due to trade with countries like Rome, they flourished as a prosperous set of people. Post Sangam Period (500-800 A. D. ) ?Main rulers of this peri od were Cheraman Perumal and Kulasekara Alwar. ?The former became a Vaishnavite Poet and the latter accepted Islam and went to Mecca. ?Adi Shankara (788-820 A. D. ) lived and propogated the Advaida philosophy during this period. ?After the creation of Kerala it was believed that Parasurama planted sixty-four joint Brahmin Families and gave them rules which would govern them. The Brahmins invited rulers called â€Å"Perumals â€Å" to rule them and each ruler was appointed for a period of 12 years to rule over them. The Kollam Epoch (800-1200A. D) ?Politically Kerala was under the Cholas and Pandyas. †¢A temple was constructed at almost every town and village in Kerala †¢ the Quilon calendar was introduced during this time in 25 July 825 A. D. ? Festivals like onam and vishu came to be celebrated. ? The 9th century A. D. saw Malayalam growing as a distinct language. ? Educational institutions like â€Å"Salai† came into existance. ? This period also saw the grow of trade and commerce. There was trade between China and Kerala. ?Tenant system was prevalent whereby the feudal lords enjoyed life at the cost of the poor tenants. ?Sales and tax on vehicles fetched a revenue for the state. ?Ravi Varma Epoch (1200-1500 A. D) ? During this period the land relations showed certain important features : ? Increase of intermediaries as temporary holders of land. ?Increased measures to expand cultivable land and enhance income from land. ?The emergence of cash money in obtaining land rights. ?Traditional landowners held the right of ownership of land. ?Pledging of land of debt on interest. Agriculture was the main occupation. ?There were other occupations like ritual-cum-medicine men, astrologers, washer men and so on. ?There was growth of trade and trading centres; ?Trade was at 3 levels : ?Transport system was essential for trade and in this context there were many boats, ships; even bridges over waterways was essential. ?Portugese Rule In Kerala. ?Polit ical authority was fragmented by the time the Portuguese came to kerala. ?In 1498, Vasco-do-Gamma reached Kappad near Kozhikode. ?Portugese, was the first to achieve a stronghold in Kerala ? We will write a custom essay sample on Kerala from Sangam to Dutch Period specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Kerala from Sangam to Dutch Period specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Kerala from Sangam to Dutch Period specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A number of battles were fought between the provincial rulers and the Portugese. In 1524 Gamma was appointed the Portugese viceroy of Kerala. ?Apart from commerce, they were also interested in imparting their faith to the people. ?Many people were forced to convert. ?In 1550’s , St. Francis Xavier converted many fisher folk and other socially backward sections along the coastal regions of southern Kerala. ?The chiefs in the state (except the Muslims to whom the Portuguese were hostile) did not resist the conversion as long as they had freedom to do trade and commercial activities and the economic fabric of society was not disturbed. The Portuguese used their own tactics of divide and rule policy for fulfilling their commercial interests in the state. ?New towns had risen and old towns decayed. eg. Calicut, Cochin, Chaliyam gained importance while Quilon and Cranganore languished. ?Crops like cashewnuts, tobacco, custard apple, guava, pineapple and papaya were introduced. ?Gunp owder increased the importance of artillery. This brought unemployment among the Nairs who were well trained in swords and shields. †¢They established seminaries and colleges in Cochin, Angamali and Cranganore. For gtting Christian priests. †¢St. Francis Xavier translated Catechism into Malayalam. †¢Fearing ?The Dutch in Kerala. ?Dutch East India Company was established in the year 1592. ?In 1604 they came to the Malabar coast. ?There was rivalry btw Cochin and Kozhikode during that time and they took advantage of this situation. ?However like the Portuguese their involvement in the local politics was minimal. ?However they had conflicts btw Marthanda Varma of Thiruvithankur and Samuthiri of Kozhikode. ?The Dutch had the main power over the Trade activities. ?Pepper and spices were exported by merchants only after the consent of the Dutch people. They constructed forts and factories here like the Portuguese. ?They sold Indonesian spices and sugar to those ships which were going to Cochin. It turned out to be a success. ?But this didn’t last for long as it declined from 1783 and was completely stopped by 1793 due to poor demand. ?Conclusion ?The History of kerala is very essential part of the heritage of the state and country as well. ?If we study History well then we would know about the real background in which our state developed through the years. ?We can also see the contrasting practices that were in vogue during the ancient and medieval and the present kerala society.

Ontario, Canda and moving out of the Pioneer stage essays

Ontario, Canda and moving out of the Pioneer stage essays Oliver Mowat became this provinces first premier in 1872. However, only a century had passed since Ontario was first settled by a group of loyalist refugees. These refugees, fought for the British crown during the American Revolution. After the revolution, British authorities provided help with provisions, tools and granted the loyalists free land in southern Ontario. These were Ontarios pioneers and this was the beginning of the pioneer stage. From this brief statement about Ontarios pioneers a question needs to be asked. To what extent had Ontario passed beyond the pioneer stage by the time Oliver Mowat came to power in 1872? In order to answer this question a number of areas will be taken into account. First, the term pioneer stage needs to be defined in order to make a satisfactory answer. Second, the development of urban centers will be investigated. Third, Ontarios infrastructure development will be looked at. Fourth, the rise of Ontarios political maturity will be a nalyzed. Finally, the provinces industrial base will be examined. To help answer the question, the term pioneer stage requires a definition. Pioneer stage is a societal term used to describe the first stage of a society. The stage begins with individuals migrating from a developed society into a new undeveloped region. To pass beyond the pioneer stage, the settlers will need to develop this new region into a flourishing society. It is important to note, a newly developed society does not necessarily mimic the culture it migrated from. New, unique or combinations of multi societal traits may be developed into this new society. The development of urban centers is not of utmost importance to new settlers in the region, survival is. The loyalist pioneers entered a huge untapped wilderness in southern Ontario. They needed to clear vast forests to create farmland and eventually build the urban centers required to elevate t...

How to Make a Thesis

How to Make a Thesis How to Make a Thesis How to Make a ThesisYou can make hundreds of attempts to formulate a thesis statement, still, fail to do it. The reason is that it is difficult to make a thesis from scratch. Developing a thesis statement is not the outburst of inspiration but rather a task that requires some time to accomplish it successfully. So, if you want to know how to make a thesis statement, you have come to the right place. In this article, you will find some tips on how to make a thesis successfully. While PhD thesis writing is not easy and you must follow specific thesis format. How to make a thesis: Tip 1. Develop your personal position on the problemReading what others think about the question you are researching may turn out to be rather useful in case you know a little about the matter. Your position may coincide with someone elses or may differ cardinally from already adopted viewpoints. The key point is that you should truly believe in what you are talking about. Do not be inclined to others point of view only because you cannot shape your own position. This will only make it more difficult for you to support it. How to make a thesis: Tip 2. Formulate your main ideaTry to make your message specific rather than vague or general. What is more, do not make it too long. One or maximum two sentences will be quite enough. Write it somewhere on a sheet of paper. This thesis is not final yet. You will come back to it as soon as your paper is completed.How to make a thesis: Tip 3. Conduct researchWhile researching the topic, some information that yo u may find in the sources may turn out much useful. They can help you in formulating and improving your thesis statement. So, make notes on the information that can be included into your thesis statement.How to make a thesis: Tip 4. Come back to your thesis and think what might be changedIt is important to keep your thesis flexible until the investigation is actually finished. If you do it, you will not have any difficulties with rewriting it later. So, after you finish researching the topic, come back to your thesis statement and think what can be changed. A thesis statement is an important element of any paper, it is the framework that every paper is based on. So, it is extremely important to know how to make a thesis correctly. Follow our guidelines and you will learn writing a research paper without any problems!

Dance Class Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dance Class - Article Example I remember that in the last letter that I sent to you, I had explained to you why you should not fear or hesitate to take a course in dancing. This time round, I want to share with you my concrete experiences in this course, so that you can be can be convinced that this course is indeed quite important. First of all, let me share with you the expectations that I had before taken this course, and how I have been able to realize my expectations after taking the course. One of the major expectations that I had before taken this course was that the course would enable me to know the history of dance and the important people who have had great influence in the history of dance. Through this course, I have really been able to realize this expectation. This is because we have studied extensively about the history of dance and the important personalities like Gus Giordano, Jack Cole, and Agnes DeMille, who have had the great impact in the world of dance, especially dance in the Jazz music. For this reason, therefore, I am now conversant with the history of dance. The second major expectation that I had when I started this course was that the course would enable me to know different dancing styles, both modern traditional styles. Through the training that we undergo in this course, I have be en able to realize this expectation. Although of course, I don’t claim to have become an expert in dancing overnight, I have learned different dancing styles in this course and I am able to dance to different types of music like Jazz songs.

Business Process and Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Process and Systems - Research Paper Example NBK is one of the most successful banks in Kuwait and since they started in the banking industry and they became more experienced in it than other banks. They can be found everywhere around the country, so everyone can reach them when they need to and their Headquarter is located in Sharq. Their website helps their customers to get some of the things that they want such as transferring money between accounts even if the accounts are not owned by NBK. Since the bank is private and owned by shareholders it is classified as an investment for the bank, they also help individuals to invest their money in trust funds in profitable way. The bank gives loans to both companies and individuals to help them with what they need and they get interest rate in when the loan is paid off. They give sponsorships to some practical activities as a marketing way for the bank. There is a variety of offers that they provide to attract and avoid losing customers. Some of the offers they provide are Alwaha m aster card which gives customers mileage each time they purchase something with it and they can use those mileage to go anywhere they like around the world in Kuwait airlines. Another offer is people that have bank accounts with NBK they get half price on movies tickets during the weekends. There is also fifteen percent discount for New Smile dental clinic. The bank strategic plan is to maintain strong position against their rivals in the banking industry specially in Islamic banking segment and to increase their relationship both in Kuwait and around the world. Securing resources is a priority for the bank such resources are investors, cash, and interest rates. Investors help the bank to get its capital and return equity to them as well as profits depending the number of shares each investor has in the bank. On the other hand, cash is an important resource for the bank since it is

The Internet and assurance services Essay Example for Free

The Internet and assurance services Essay 1. 0 Introduction The Internet is the greatest business tool ever invented. Merchant, trading partners and Online retail shoppers can find greater selection, convenience, and lower prices on the Internet. Online businesses can reach millions of shoppers and business partners, provide 24 hours seven days a week of products and services, and better meet their customers individual needs. For these reasons, E-Commerce over the Internet has been growing. According to ActivMedia, e-commerce activity for 2000 will be $132 billion worldwide, which is twice as much as estimated for 1999. This figure includes revenues from B2C, B2B and Internet services. According to a study by eMarketer in April 2000, almost 34 million US households were actively using the Internet, and of that number 23. 5 million or 69% have made a purchase. (http://www. cpawebtrust. org/online. htm) However, despite the Internets many advantages and opportunities, it also raises some new risks for businesses and has some customers worried. The risks are fraud, poor sales conversion rates, detrimental effects of negative PR due to privacy breaches and security problems. A recent study by the Internet Fraud Complaint Centre (IFCC) showed that online auctions accounted for 48. 8% of fraud complaints. Non-delivery of goods ordered online came in second, at 19. 2%. Other top fraud complaints to the centre involved: securities and commodities (16. 9%), credit cards (4. 8%) and identity theft (2. 9%). The IFCC, which is jointly run by the FBI and the Justice Departments National White Collar Crime Centre, received an average of 1,000 complaints per week after opening in May 2000. (http://www. cpawebtrust. org/online. htm) In order to reduce risks, many technological solutions have been developed such as Firewalls, encryption, and digital signatures, etc. Despite these available solutions, most of Internet users still lack confidence in the medium. Therefore, third-party assurance service is needed to ensure secure transaction. 2. 0 The Third-Party Role of Assurance Service According to AICPA, Assurance Services are defined as independent professional services that improve the quality or context of information for decision-makers. Assurance services might involve any type of information. The goal of assurance services is information improvement, not the issuance of a report on it. (http://www. aicpa. org/assurance/about/comstud/defncom. htm) More in detail, AICPA has been categorised its assurance service into two areas. Those are integrity assurance systems and security assurance systems. According to the textbook (Greenstein, et. al. 2000), integrity assurance systems ensure that the data elements captured in an electronic transaction are the agreed upon elements, and the processing and storage procedures maintain the integrity of the data elements and do not alter them in any unauthorised fashion. Security assurance system ensures the authentication of the transacting parties, and that electronic data are protected from unauthorised disclosure. There are four areas that assurance service provider has to concern. Those are:   Security of data   Privacy of data   Business policy Transaction processing integrity Above categories are the most important area that the assurance service provider has to satisfy. And those will be applied to analyse travel. com. au. 3. 0 Difference and Similarity between B2B andB2C The web has evolved as a great medium for running business. Traditional B2B transaction used EDI, phone and fax for transaction. Also, B2C was just relied on bricks and mortar outlet. However, evolution of technology enables business entity to expand its business to new area, and provides more opportunities. Despite of Internets advantages for business entity, the risk has been arisen along with development of technology. According to recent survey of Computer Security Institute and the FBI, not surprisingly, computer-related crimes are up, as are the costs related to such crimes. This year, the survey included results from 538 respondents from a number of industries corporations, government agencies, financial institutions, and universities. This year, total losses, based on the 186 respondents willing to provide details on actual losses, totalled approximately US$378 million. Thats up from the US$265 million reported last year by 249 respondents. Based on this data, on average, each of the 186 companies lost more than US$2 million dollars in security breaches. (http://www. advisor. com/Articles. nsf/aid/HARTB15) In this section, similarity and differences existing between two models will be analysed. Based on the result of analysis, our assurance team provides desirable solution for B2B and B2C transaction B2C Perspective B2C is relationship is considered very vulnerable, because the party involved in transaction or interactions have no prior knowledge, they are completely strangers. Many risks involve during B2C transaction such as transmission of sensitive data (ie credit card number). In B2C e-commerce, the customers are the general public. Therefore, its transaction can be easily exposed. It is the one reason that consumers reluctant to shop over the Online. To decrease the risk and increase positive consumer perception, most of e-tailers employ security system, and state their privacy and security policy in its Web site. B2B Perspective B2B are interacting in more secure environment with respect to assurance of the electronic business environment. The nature of B2B e-commerce is that operator just interact with its business customer. Thus, the main concern for B2B is lying in their intellectual property. Many of the intellectual property are stored online in intangible form. Also many confidential information and trade secret is transmitted online. The reason they are safer is because B2B transactions are conducted usually through companies that have an existing relationship with each other or trading contractual agreements. So it can be said that they have mutual relationship. These existing relationships have evolved from the days of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) to the fully functioning web sites on the World Wide Web or on company extranets. Due to evolution, the transaction has been completed within VAN (Value-Added Networks). Although, the evolution enable business entity to interact with its partner more efficient, the risk related in transaction has been increased.

Tosco Marketing Company Quality Control :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Tosco Marketing Company Quality Control TOSCO MARKETING COMPANY Quality control comes in many forms. For some it is following a specific philosophy, such as those developed by Demming or Juran. For others it is achieving a specific degree of merit as that established by the Malcolm Baldridge Awards, or International Standard Organizations (ISO). However, the petroleum industry as a whole has compromised, shifted, and remained adaptable to an ever-changing world filled with government regulations and restrictions. The negative environmental impact of the petroleum industry is either not understood, grossly downplayed, or it is blatantly ignored. Government agencies have amended and abolished amendments in many of their policies so quickly that establishing best practices is nearly impossible. However, one thing in the petroleum industry remains the same. Safety is a key quality concept that must be adhered to. Tosco Corporation made a bad name for itself by ignoring certain safety issues. Quality control in the safety department was ineffective, and people died because of their neglect. Only recently have they outsourced the development of their safety program to Dupont. Introduction to Government Standards The Department of Energy (DOE) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) require an insurmountable amount of data, reports, testing, and auditing to ensure the compliance of all U.S. Oil Companies around the world. The most recent concern regarding the petroleum industry is that of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE’s) that are put in our fuel. Early on it was believed that adding MTBE’s to fuel would result in cleaner burning gasoline. However, according to the â€Å"Ground Water Monitor† small amounts seeped into the ground water and caused an unacceptable amount of contamination. The conception of MTBE’s was in 1967 with the passage of the Clean Air Act. This is the primary statute governing air quality in the United States. It assigns responsibilities to government and industry to reduce emissions from pollution sources such as automobiles, refineries, chemical plants, and power plants. However, it seems as though every solution to meet the stringent requirements poses another problem. The Clean Air Act has been amended several times, and most recently it is to be amended to ban MTBE’s by the year 2002.

Spina Bifida Research Paper

Spina Bifida A type of birth defect that affects the skeletal system is Spina Bifida. Spina Bifida is a nueral tube defect that occurs when the bones of the spine or the vertebrae do not form accurately around the spinal cord. In severe cases it can inhibit a persons walking or daily activities. There are three basic forms of Spina Bifida. The mildest form is Occulta, the next would be Meningocele and the most severe is Myelomeningocele. (http://www. uptodate. com/contents/overview-of-the-management-of-myelomeningocele-spina-bifida 2012) Myelomeningocele is the case that affects the skeletal system the most.With this, the nerves in the spine protrude out of the spinal canal and a bulge in the skin may appear. If nerves become damaged, there may be a high chance that there could be problems with walking, coordination and bowel and bladder control. The exact cause of Spina Bifida is not known. (Foti 2012) Some say that it could be genetic and is more likely to happen in women that are obese and have diabetes. Symptoms that may indicate that a child has Spina Bifida, include, a curve in the spine, nerves coming out of the back and swelling of the spine.Also, the child will have nerve damage, which can mean that they will have little or no feeling in the legs, feet and or arms. (http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/spina-bifida/DS00417 2012) Another indicator could be a build up of fluid in the brain. Spinal deformity occurs most frequently in patients with Myelomeningocele. It can manifest as kyphosis, scoliosis or lordosis. Most children diagnosed with Spina Bifida also have an allergy to latex. (http://www. everydayhealth. com/health-center/spina-bifida-symptoms. aspx 2012) The diagnosis for Spina Bifida is usually determined by a blood test that a woman has during pregnancy.Most people find out that their child has this defect before he or she is born. If it is not determined before birth, it may be diagnosed by how the baby’s back looks and as they get to the pint of where they should start crawling and standing. You will be able to notice how the weekness in the muscle and bones are. Children that are born wih Spina Bifida may also have mental disabilities as well because it affects the brain just as much as it affects the spine and nerves. (http://www. spinabifidaassociation. org/site/c. evKRI7OXIoJ8H/b. 8029563/k. 83B2/

Human Sexuality Essay

William and Jessie both 23 years old have been dating for 3 years. They plan to get married in 2 years when they finish with graduate school. About three months ago William had an unplanned and alcohol induced intercourse with a colleague from work. The couple are in counseling and working on issues of trust and communication. Recently, they have started having sexual intercourse. Jessie says she is unable to climax like in the past. William says he is doing everything the same and thinks she still blames him. Looking at William and Jessie’s case, I believe that the possible societal and gender influences related to William’s and Jessie’s concerns are the male and female sexual scripts. According to Strong, DeVault, Sayad and Yarber (2008), â€Å"Sexual Scripts refers to the acts, rules, and expectations associated with a particular role† (p. 143). All humans are sexual beings; however we all are diverse in terms of our sexual definitions and script expectations. Sexual scripts are not innate, yet they are learned through culture and socialization (Strong et al. 2008). There are as many distinctive sexual scripts as there are people, nonetheless some of these scripts have common themes and can be recognized as a shared blueprint or trend in the larger society. Some male scripts that are relatable to Williams’s concerns are: Performance is a thing that counts. A man always wants sex and is ready for it and, sexual intercourse leads to orgasm. Society has this idea that is embedded in many people that sex to men is something to be accomplished (Strong et al. 2008). It is important for us to notice that in Williams situation, he is feeling like â€Å"less of a man†, in other words, his ego is bruised, because he cannot make Jessie climax. Additionally, there are sexual scripts allotted to women as well. Some female scripts relatable to Jessie’s concerns are: â€Å"The traditional male sexual scripts focuses on sex over feelings, the traditional female sexual script focuses on feelings over sex, on love over passion† (p. 41). Jessie apparently has issues during sex because she can’t get over the thought of Williams having sexual contact with another woman, especially when William is supposed become Jessie’s future husband. The sexual script that relates to this issue is that the woman does not want to have sex, sex is uncomfortable for her or not pleasurable for her. However due to female sexual scripts, women should not talk about sex (Strong et al. , 2008). Sexual scripts are similar to traditional gender roles; society holds men and women accountable for the roles and expectations that have been set for them and if we fail to live up to them, then we are failures at our gender. Moreover, there are indeed biological and psychological components of William and Jessie’s case. Starting with William, he can’t achieve to make Jessie Climax. Psychological causes include trust and communication related stress and anxiety, because he too busy trying to gain Jesse’s trust. Because of this William is most likely concerned about his sexual performance, trust issues and the guilt of having sexual intoxicate intercourse with his work colleague. For women in particular, emotional closeness is a main component in sexual desire (Strong et al. , 2008) and because William cheated with a colleague, she perhaps could have grown psychologically distant. As stated by Strong et al. (2008), â€Å"Desire is the psychological component of sexual arousal† (p. 92). According to the Masters and Johnson’s four-phrase model of sexual response, Kaplan’s tri-phasic model of sexual response and Loulan’s sexual response model, they all include desire and excitement as key elements to sexual response and pleasure and without these two elements, a person cannot truly experience the true satisfaction of sexual intercourse and an orgasm (Strong et al. , 2008). In relation to this case the developmental concerns related to the early adulthood stage according to Strong et al. 2008) are the following: Integrating love and sex, forging intimacy and making commitments. Integrating love and sex was not integrated when it comes to Williams’s infidelity. William was more so thinking with his penis rather than thinking about the love of his life Jessie. As the female, Jessie thinks more with her heart and values the love for William. The thought of betrayal from William, may possibly be disheartening and could hinder Jessie from climaxi ng during intimacy. In Jessie’s mind, loving William and having that solid connection with him was important to her. Furthermore this developmental concern strongly compares to the male sexual script with thoughts of sex over feelings, while the woman’s thoughts consist of feelings over sex. The key to integrating love and sex was missing because of Williams’s infidelity. Therefore uniting the two will take a longer process to connect. Forging intimacy and making commitments plays an integral part in the developmental concerns in this case as well. According to Strong et al. (2008) as a relationship become more meaningful, the degree of intimacy and interdependence increases. As adults become more intimate, most desire to develop their ability to make commitments. In relation to William and Jesse they are in a meaningful relationship, they were planning to get married and spend the rest of their lives with one another, before the infidelity occurred. It is my assumption the intimacy was on a higher level but after the infidelity occurred the intimacy decreased and the trust and communication issues began to form. During the early adulthood stage young adults begin to attend college and students began to meet lots of people in their age bracket. There will be opportunities during college where students attend plenty of social gatherings (frat/sororities houses and parties) and majority of the time alcohol and drugs are involved as well as risky sexual activities. Strong et al (2008) strongly believes that among college students, the use of alcohol is associated with an increased risk of unwanted intercourse, sexual violence and STDS. Since Jesse and William are in the early adulthood stage, it is a strong possibility William wants to venture out in a since before he gets married. Maybe he feels pressured and tied down to Jessie. Lastly, infidelity is common amongst the early adulthood population. Research by McAnaulty and Brineman (2007), states that 41% of the students identified having sexual intercourse with a person other than one’s primary partner as constituting being â€Å"unfaithful. † More students (57%) identified â€Å"dating/spending time with another† as â€Å"unfaithfulness. † Infidelity can greatly affect committed relationships, because it could cause a lack of communication and trust worthiness. When relationships are broken, a lot of emotions occur such as lack of sleep, a decrease in appetite, anxiety and constant crying in some cases.

Tobacco Essays - Smoking, Passive Smoking, Sidestream Smoke

Tobacco Essays - Smoking, Passive Smoking, Sidestream Smoke Tobacco ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE Tobacco smoking has long been recognized as a major cause of death and disease, responsible for an estimated 434,000 deaths per year in the United States. After the Environmental Protection Agency and the Surgeon General stated that cigarettes cause lung cancer there was a tremendous movement to make cigarettes illegal. Now the debate is on environmental tobacco smoke also known as secondhand smoke, passive smoking, and sidestream smoke. The worry is that when non-smokers are exposed to secondhand smoke they face the same health hazards as smokers. Tobacco smoke contains more than forty known carcinogens. Sidestream smoke carries these carcinogens into the air (Sussman 12). According to scientific studies tobacco smoke contains four thousand chemicals, and at least sixty are known to cause cancer. Carbon monoxide is the main gas in cigarette smoke. This gas competes with oxygen for binding sites on red blood cells, and results in depleting the body of oxygen (Q&A). Researchers studied 1,906 women of which 653 developed lung cancer. Women married to smokers were thirty percent more likely to develop lung cancer than those married to non-smokers (LeMaistre 1). According to the Environmental Protection Agency a thirty percent risk is only a small relative risk. The Environmental Protection Agency released its report stating that environmental tobacco smoke is a human lung carcinogen, responsible for approximately three thousand lung cancer deaths annually in American non-smokers. Environmental tobacco smoke has been classified as a Group A carcinogen, the highest ranking under the EPA's carcinogen assessment guidelines.

Definition and Examples of Vignettes in Prose

Definition and Examples of Vignettes in Prose In composition, a  vignette is a verbal sketch- a brief essay  or story  or any carefully crafted short work of prose. Sometimes called a slice of life. A vignette may be either fiction or  nonfiction, either a piece thats complete in itself or one part of a larger work. In their book  Studying Children in Context (1998), M. Elizabeth Graue and Daniel J. Walsh characterize  vignettes as crystallizations that are developed for retelling. Vignettes, they say, put ideas in concrete context, allowing us to see how abstract notions play out in lived experience.  Ã‚   The term vignette (adapted  from a word in Middle French meaning vine) referred originally to a decorative design used in books and manuscripts. The term gained its literary sense in the late 19th century. See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: AnecdoteCharacter (Genre)  and  Character SketchComposing a Character SketchCreative NonfictionDescriptionHow to Write a Descriptive ParagraphNarrative Examples of Vignettes By the Railway Side by Alice MeynellEudora Weltys Sketch of Miss DulingEvan S. Connells Narrative Sketch of Mrs. BridgeHarry Crews Sketch of His StepfatherHemingways Use of RepetitionMy Home of Yesteryear: A Students Descriptive Essay Examples and Observations Composing Vignettes- There are no hard-and-fast guidelines for  writing a vignette, though some may prescribe that the content should contain sufficient descriptive detail, analytic commentary, critical or evaluative perspectives, and so forth. But literary writing is a creative enterprise, and the vignette offers the researcher an opportunity to venture away from traditional scholarly discourse and into evocative prose that remains firmly rooted in the data but is not a slave to it.(Matthew B. Miles, A. Michael Huberman, and Johnny Saldana,  Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook, 3rd ed.  Sage, 2014)- If one is  writing a vignette  about a dearly beloved Volkswagen, one will probably play down the general characteristics which it shares with all VWs and focus instead on its peculiarities- the way it coughs on cold mornings, the time it climbed an icy hill when all the other cars had stalled, etc.(Noretta Koertge, Rational Reconstructions. Essays in Memory of Imre Lakatos, ed. by  Robert S. Cohen et al. Springer, 1976) E.B. Whites Vignettes[In his early casuals for The New Yorker magazine] E.B. White focused on an unobserved tableau or vignette: a janitor polishing a fireplug with liquid from a Gordons Gin bottle, an unemployed man idling on the street, an old drunk on the subway, noises of New York City, a fantasy drawn from elements observed from an apartment window. As he wrote to his brother Stanley, these were the small things of the day, the trivial matters of the heart, the inconsequential but near things of this living, the little capsule[s] of truth continually important as the subtext of Whites writing.The faint squeak of mortality he listened for sounded particularly in the casuals in which White used himself as a central character. The persona varies from piece to piece, but usually the first-person narrator is someone struggling with embarrassment or confusion over trivial events.(Robert L. Root, Jr., E.B. White: The Emergence of an Essayist. University of Iowa Press, 1999) An  E.B. White  Vignette on RailroadsThe strong streak of insanity in railroads, which accounts for a childs instinctive feeling for them and for a mans unashamed devotion to them, is congenital; there seems to be no reason to fear that any disturbing improvement in the railroads condition will set in. Lying at peace but awake in a Pullman berth all one hot night recently, we followed with dreamy satisfaction the familiar symphony of the cars- the diner departing (furioso) at midnight, the long, fever-laden silences between runs, the timeless gossip of rail and wheel during the runs, the crescendos and diminuendos, the piffling poop-pooping of the diesels horn. For the most part, railroading is unchanged from our childhood. The water in which one washes ones face at morn is still without any real wetness, the little ladder leading to the upper is still the symbol of the tremendous adventure of the night, the green clothes hammock still sways with the curves, and there is still no foolproof place to store ones trousers.Our journey really began several days earlier, at the ticket window of a small station in the country, when the agent showed signs of cracking under the paperwork. Its hard to believe, he said, that after all these years I still got to write the word Providence in here every time I make out one of these things. Now, theres no possible conceivable way you could make this journey without going through Providence, yet the Company wants the word written in here just the same. O.K., here she goes! He gravely wrote Providence in the proper space, and we experienced anew the reassurance that rail travel is unchanged and unchanging, and that it suits our temperament perfectly- a dash of lunacy, a sense of detachment, not much speed, and no altitude whatsoever.(E.B. White, Railroads. The Second Tree From the Corner. Harper Row, 1954) Two Vignettes by Annie Dillard: The Return of Winter and Playing Football- It snowed and it cleared and I kicked  and pounded the snow. I roamed the darkening snowy neighborhood, oblivious. I bit and crumbled on my tongue the sweet, metallic worms of ice that had formed in rows on my mittens. I took a mitten off to fetch some wool strands from my mouth. Deeper the blue shadows grew on the sidewalk snow, and longer; the blue shadows joined and spread upward from the streets like rising water. I walked wordless and unseeing, dumb and sunk in my skull, until- what was that?The streetlights had come on- yellow, bing- and the new light woke me like noise. I surfaced once again and saw: it was winter now, winter again. The air had grown blue dark; the skies were shrinking; the streetlights had come on; and I was here outside in the dimming days snow, alive.- Some boys taught me to play football. This was fine sport. You thought up a new strategy for every play and whispered it to the oth ers. You went out for a pass, fooling everyone. Best, you got to throw yourself mightily at someone’s running legs. Either you brought him down or you hit the ground flat out on your chin, with your arms empty before you. It was all or nothing. If you hesitated in fear, you would miss and get hurt: you would take a hard fall while the kid got away. But if you flung yourself wholeheartedly at the back of his knees- if you gathered and joined body and soul and pointed them diving fearlessly- then you likely wouldn’t get hurt, and you’d stop the ball. Your fate, and your team’s score, depended on your concentration and courage. Nothing girls did could compare with it.(Annie Dillard, An American Childhood. Harper Row, 1987) A Hemingway Vignette on a Matadors DeathMaera lay still, his head on his arms, his face in the sand. He felt warm and sticky from the bleeding. Each time he felt the horn coming. Sometimes the bull only bumped him with his head. Once the horn went all the way through him and he felt it go into the sand. Some one had the bull by the tail. They were swearing at him and flopping the cape in his face. Then the bull was gone. Some men picked Maera up and started to run with him toward the barriers through the gate out the passageway around under the grandstand to the infirmary. They laid Maera down on a cot and one of the men went out for the doctor. The others stood around. The doctor came running from the corral where he had been sewing up picador horses. He had to stop and wash his hands. There was a great shouting going on in the grandstand overhead. Maera felt everything getting larger and larger and then smaller and smaller. Then it got larger and larger and larger and then smaller and smaller. Then everything commenced to run faster and faster as when they speed up a cinematograph film. Then he was dead.(Ernest Hemingway, Chapter 14 of In Our Time. Charles Scribners Sons, 1925)​ Pronunciation: vin-YET

Sponsorship Agreements of Turkish Airlines Dissertation

Sponsorship Agreements of Turkish Airlines - Dissertation Example The intention of this study aviation industry that characterized by financial crisis arising from oil prices, augmenting competition, decline in fare rates, changing consumer expectations and political and economic constraints. Under such turbulent environment, one airline company, which has showed signs of constant growth and responsive marketing, is Turkish Airlines. Turkish Airlines was established in the year 1933 with an initial aircraft fleet of only five. However, with its strategic approach and aggressive marketing tactics, it very soon grabbed the status of a 4-start company with a jaw-hopping 144 aircraft fleet running across 166 destinations. It also bagged the Award of Best Airline in Southern Europe. It also signed sponsorship agreement with Manchester United as an extension of its sponsorship activity and will serve as the medium of travel for players and officials for three and a half years. Despite less connection between Manchester United and Turkish Airlines fleet a nd destinations, its officials remark the deal as one step ahead in contributing to their brand value and demonstration of quality and service in their offerings. However, rumours are rising on the Club’s intention of sailing through their debt position with the help of this deal and no promising advantages accruing to the Airlines in return. The national airlines company of Turkey, Turkish Airlines’ moves to participate in the sponsorships for the golf events to be held in Turkey is considered another key step for the marketing of its brand. The airlines company has already tied itself with international brands like FC Barcelona and Manchester United for its sponsorship events in the field of football. Turkish Airlines new sponsorship event was tagged as â€Å"Turkish Airlines Challenge† and was tied up with the European Golf event European Challenge Tour. Another sponsor for a sub-event in the golf arena was also done by Turkish Airlines to sponsor the women p articipation in the golf event. These types of events held at the international level draws in huge crowds and is aired across national and international borders. Thus aiming to sponsor such events signify introducing the company to a